Pressure Ulcers As An Area Of Skin And The Tissues

â€Å"Pressure ulcers are caused when an area of skin and the tissues below are damaged as a result of being placed under pressure sufficient to impair its blood supply.† as defined by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (as cited in Payne, 2016, p. 12). I had never really known much about pressure ulcers before nursing. The frequency to which pressure ulcers can occur, and the level of severity they can develop was shocking to me. This is the main reason this topic interested me. The article â€Å"Strategies to support prevention, identification and management of pressure ulcers in the community† by Drew Payne, focuses on community nursing and provides information on how to identify patients at risk, on pressure ulcer†¦show more content†¦These factors include, but are not limited to: patients with prior pressure ulcer history, patients with reduced mobility, patients using wrong clinical equipment, patients with improper furniture, or patie nts living environments. Since community nurses are not with their patients all day, they must consider all risks that could arise throughout the patient’s day. It is important to gather this information in making individually tailored pressure ulcer prevention strategies. Some important areas to consider when creating the prevention measures are: encouraging movement, repositioning, nutrition (underweight patients are more at risk for pressure ulcers), and all external factors that may increase risk such as clinical equipment or even clothing. However, for the patient to truly involve themselves in preventing pressure ulcers, they must receive proper patient education. They must understand what pressure ulcers are, why they should be prevented, and exactly how to prevent them. It is also important to have the family or any other caregivers involved, by giving them all the same information and having them fully engaged with the prevention strategies. Other health care profess ionals involved in the patient’s life, like nutritionists or physiotherapists, should be adequately informed about pressure ulcers to minimize any risks. It is also important to assess the correct equipmentShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of A Pressure Ulcer1552 Words   |  7 PagesA pressure ulcer is defined as â€Å"a localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue, usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, or pressure in combination with shear,† according to the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, abbreviated NPAUP (2007). NPUAP (2007) redefined the definition and classification of a pressure ulcer in 2007. As a result of the modification, stages I-IV, the four original stages, underwent alterations to their existing classifications and definitions. InRead MoreDecubitus Ulcers Essay example638 Words   |  3 Pagesof ongoing abuse and neglect include decubitus ulcers also known as bed sores. These types of sores are created when ex cessive pressure is applied to a certain area. They can range from a mild pink coloration of the skin, which disappears in a few hours after pressure is relieved from the area, to a very deep wound extending to and sometimes through a bone into internal organs. Although these are some of the first signs of nursing home abuse, skin burns are another sign of abuse. A burn is aRead MoreNursing Education is Necessary in the Prevention of Pressure Ulcers1349 Words   |  6 Pagespatient. Pressure ulcers have become a main issue in healthcare in an attempt to lower cost as well as prevent further morbidities and complications for the patient. According to the National Institute of Health (NIH) a pressure ulcer is defined as an area of skin that breaks down when something keeps rubbing or pressing against the skin. An increase in immobile and elderly patients has increased the risk for the development of pressure ulcers. The education and prevention of pressure ulcers shouldRead MoreEs say on Unit 229 Workbook Pressure Sores928 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 4222-229 Undertake agreed pressure area care Unit 4222-229 Undertake agreed pressure area care Outcome 1 Understand the anatomy and physiology of the skin in relation to pressure area care The learner can: 1. describe the anatomy and physiology of the skin in relation to skin breakdown and the development of pressure sores Skin is the largest organ of the body, covering and protecting the entire surface of the body. The total surface area of skin is around 3000 sq inches or roughlyRead MoreRoper-Logan-Tierney Care Plan1646 Words   |  7 PagesA pressure ulcers is ‘ a localised area of cellular damage resulting from direct pressure on the skin causing ischawmia, or from shearing or friction forces causing mechanical stress on the tissues’ (Chapman and Chapman 1981). Common places for pressure ulcers to occur are over bony prominences, such as the sacral area, heels, hip, and elbow. (NICE 2005) Initially to maintain confidentiality the patient will be referred to as Mr Brown. Mr Brown has given permission for his nursing notes andRead MorePressure Ulcers And The Long Term Care1092 Words   |  5 PagesPressure ulcers that occur in the long term care setting are increasing in the number of incidences each year in the United States. Consequences and complications of pressure ulcer development include pain, sepsis, cellulitis, bone, and joint infections. Pressure ulcers are also associated with an increased morbidity and mortality rate, negative emotional and physical effects on patients and caregivers, and are the second leading cause of litigation in long term care facilities. The cost of treatmentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Shear And Frictional Properties Of 5 Sacral Dressings1721 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment of sacral pressure ulcers is a serious and common occurrence during long term wound care. They are costly and debilitating chronic wounds [1], and ultimately inh ibit the quality of life and level of treatment experienced by the patient at a health care center. In order to effectively prevent and treat pressure ulcers, it is important to understand the circumstances in which they occur and how specific factors may significantly increase the risk of developing a pressure ulcer. One of the largestRead MorePromoting Healthy Aging : The Role Of The Nurse1287 Words   |  6 Pageswithin institutions, are pressure ulcers. A pressure ulcer is defined as a localized injury to the skin or underlying tissue that occurs when something keeps rubbing or pressing against the skin. Pressure on the skin causes a decrease of blood flow to that area and as a result, an ulcer may form because of the skin dying due to the lack of blood in that region. They generally occur over bony prominences such as, the buttock, elbow, hip, heel, back of the head and ankles. An ulcer has a greater chanceRead MoreNvq3 Unit 4222 Essays1007 Words   |  5 PagesUndertake agre ed pressure area care Outcome 1: Understand the anatomy and physiology of the skin in relation to pressure area care 1. Pressure ulcers, also known as bed sores or pressure sores are injuries of the skin and underlying tissue. They appear when the affected area of skin is under too much pressure. Due to the pressure the blood flow is disrupted, the area does not irrigate, therefore nutrients and oxygen do not reach the skin cells. The skin then breaks and pressure ulcers form Read MoreImproving Patient Outcomes And Promote Higher Hospital Satisfaction1677 Words   |  7 Pagesfound in the medical field that, in turn, cause the lack of reimbursement to a hospital. Through thorough research and evidence based practice, hospitals are able to follow guidelines to prevent issues such as: patient falls, hospital acquired pressure ulcers, catheter associated urinary tract infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and many more. As prevention for multiple poor patient outcomes, quality improvement studies can be implemented to promote the wellbeing of the patient during the

Financial Ratio Analysis Victoria s Secret - 1706 Words

Financial Ratio Analysis In review of Victoria’s Secret’s financial ratios, it can be concluded that they are capable of fulfilling consumer demands and maintain financial stability. Liquidity Measures ratios advocates that Victoria’s Secret is also capable of sufficiently paying for its liabilities as well as invest assets in a tactical way. Net Working Capital to Total Assets show that Victoria’s Secret is able to turn assets and cover their short term liabilities efficiently. Fixed Asset Turnover for Victoria Secret indicates that they know how to use their fixed assets effectively towards its sales revenues. They have the capability to generate $4 to $5 of sales for every $1 that is invested into the fixed assets. Debt/ leverage†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, market segmentation is an extension of market research for the purposes of identifying targeted groups of consumers in order to tailor products and branding in a way that it is attrac tive to that group. There are three general criteria used to identify different market segments: homogeneity, distinction and reaction (Investopedia, n.d). Victoria’s Secret have focused on important segmentations such as women from the ages of 18-34 yrs. who are looking to feel confident and sexy and men who shop for their wife or girlfriend in hopes to promote confidence and fun fantasy as the market segments for lingerie and undergarments would be the best to effectively target the ideal consumer for this product. Noting that the average age of consumers is between the ages of 18 – 34 yrs. among middle class women. Industry information gathered also revealed that 61% of consumers are female and 39% are male who generate 46% of sales in bras and 22% in panties. Financial Analysis 8 Segments that are vital to Victoria’s Secret success are the VS stores and direct sales which includes the online Victoria’s Secret website. Research found on Victoria’s Secret net sales worldwide in both segments from 2011 to 2015 shows steady growth over time with both global net sales and direct segment totaling nearly $1.5 billion in US dollars. The Statistics PortalShow MoreRelatedFinal Analysis of Victoria Secret1755 Words   |  8 PagesFinancial Analysis of Victoria Secret 7 Final Analysis of Victoria Secret Karissa Keller Colorado Technical University Financial Statement Analysis Professor Alan Fowler September 18, 2014 INITIAL ASSESSMENT INCOME STATEMENT ANALYSIS Victoria Secret appears to be a profitable company. Victoria Secret is part of L Brands whose operating income was at $ 211 million, up by $24 million from the last quarter. Specifically at Victorias Secret, sales increased by 4% to reach 5.4 billion but operatingRead MoreVictoria’s Secret in China5430 Words   |  22 PagesMarketing Global Marketing Victoria’s Secret in China Prepared by: Lai Tin Long, Stanley Lau Wan Fung, Jason Lam Ka Kit, Ian Cham Im Fan, Otila Yeung Ka Man, Destiny Kwok Hoi Kin Law Ka Ho, Jackson Liu Ho Lok, Andy Date: 18 April, 2011 Table of Contents Executive Summary Objective Goals Quick Review iii iii iii iii 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 i Business Proï ¬ le About Victoria’s Secret Aims and Objective DistributionRead MoreBrewery Industry Paper2906 Words   |  12 PagesExecutive Summary This report will provide an industry analysis for the beer brewing industry, discussing the attractiveness of the industry in regards to sustainable profitability and investment risk. First, we will start with an introduction to familiarize you with the three-century old beer brewing industry. We will discuss the ins and outs of the brewing industries operations, along with various industry products. We will analyze historic growth and earnings and make predictions for the nextRead MoreAbercrombie And Fitch s High Quality Merchandise2120 Words   |  9 Pagesis known for its high quality merchandise. Abercrombie Fitch (ANF) has developed from a sporting goods store that sold guns, fishing rods, and other outdoor activity goods to a top performer in the retail industry. ANF continues to assess their financial situation and their marketing position as the firm continues to struggle to expand its brand with a high price margin. The company is a successful retail brand in America; howe ver, it faces challenges to expand its growth domestically and internationallyRead MoreRogers Chocolate Analysis21131 Words   |  85 PagesCorporate-level strategy 25 6. How is the effectiveness of the company’s strategies? (ROIC) 26 7. What strategic problems does the company have? 33 8. What strategic issues need to be addressed? 34 9. External environmental analysis 35 10. Internal environment analysis 60 11. Determine the strategic factors of the company 70 12. Generating alternative strategies by using a TOWS matrix 73 13. Evaluate strategic alternatives – pros and cons. 74 14. Recommend strategic for company (shortRead MoreCase Analysis : Cell Wall Breaking 2606 Words   |  11 PagesDUE DILIGENCE RPEORT Backgrouund COMPANY 1(C1) was incorporated in March 2005 in Melbourne, Victoria. C1 also has an office in Vancouver, Canada, where its commercial staff is located. COMPANY 2 (China) Inc (C2) was incorporated in 2001 and is a natural pharmaceutical research and development company located in Guangzhou city, Guangdong province, China. C1 intends, in the very near future, to take a substantial stake into C2 China in order to combine both expertise. For the purpose of this reportRead MoreThe Accounting Profession and Nat39077 Words   |  157 PagesScience of Accountancy EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Edet Robinson Iwok, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. A. A. Okwoli, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. Abimaje Akpa, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. B. C. Osisioma, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. Edet B. Akpakpan, Ph.D, FCNA, Prof. A. C. Ezejulue, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. A. S. Mikailu, Ph.D, FNIA Chairman, Education, Training, Research and Technical Committee, ANAN Chief V. C. Azie Accountant-General of the Federation Auditor-General of the Federation Registrar, ANAN Chairman, Fed. Inland Revenue Service Director of ResearchRead MoreEssay on Cosmetics Industry9878 Words   |  40 PagesSpecialty Cosmetics Industry Analysis March 19, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Industry Type Degree of Industry Concentration Opportunities and Threats Opportunities Threats Past and Projected Market Growth Rate Competitive Analysis New Entrants Substitutes Rivalry within the Industry Suppliers Buyers Driving Forces Analysis Industry Key Success Factors Financial Analysis Works Cited RetailRead MoreEmployment Discrimination Against Individuals Based On Age, Race, National Origin, Or Sex, And Language2852 Words   |  12 Pagespeople form impressions of others purely based on their appearance (Duarte, Siegel, Young, 2012, p.2455). Today’s society puts great importance on people’s physical appearance (Yang, Stoeber, 2012, p.69). Not everyone can be have a size 2 Victoria Secret model body or look like Duane Johnson (The Rock). 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Global Crisis, Recession Uneven Recovery Free Essays

string(65) " architecture comprising of the World Bank, the IMF and the WTO\." Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery by Y. V. Reddy Book Review by Nidhi Choudhari There is enough on this earth to meet the needs of all, but not the greed of all. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Crisis, Recession Uneven Recovery or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mahatma Gandhi Why I picked up Y. V. Reddy’s Book There have been a large number of books published on current global financial crisis therefore; selection of this particular book on the subject requires some reasoning. First, there are not many books written by central bankers on the topic. Central banks have been central in the management of the crisis and therefore, Dr Reddy’s book provides a central banker’s assessment of the crisis and its impact. Second, on personal level, I have worked in RBI between September 2006 and December 2011 and was witness to the measures taken by Reserve Bank before and during the crisis under the able leadership of Dr Y. V. Reddy, the Governor, Reserve Bank of India (2003-2008). Having worked under his visionary leadership, I opted to take his book, â€Å"Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery† for review. Third, Dr Reddy led the course of financial pragmatism in times of relentless deregulation and ensured that Indian financial system does not fall into the blind race to bottom in regulation. Finally, having read Dr Reddy’s previous book on the topic viz. â€Å"India and the Global Financial Crisis: Managing Money and Finance†, I was very keen on reading its sequel viz. â€Å"Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery†. For all these reasons, I selected this book and am thankful to Madam Nidhi Sharma for approving this book for review. The reviewed book is a collection of 27 speeches (given in the form of 27 chapters in 5 parts), Dr Reddy delivered at different points of time during and after the crisis. These chapters give a deeper insight into the actions taken by the RBI to mitigate the impact of the crisis in India and how India remained largely unaffected due to adequate regulatory mechanisms. Dr Reddy has also been a member of the Commission of Experts of The President of the UN General Assembly on Reforms of The International Monetary and Financial System popularly known as Stiglitz Commission after its chairman Joseph Stiglitz. He has given several references about the recommendations of this UN Commission in the book. The 19th Chapter in the book is about the UN Commission recommendations about global crisis. Hence, the reader of the book gets an understanding of the global thinking on the crisis and its after effects. What’s there in the Book Economists have compared the current global financial crisis to that of the Great Recession of 1930s. The current crisis has in fact, affected all countries across the world in different degrees and that way, it was truly a global recession. Today, the crisis is over however the recovery has started at different paces in different places. Dr Reddy is of the view that the recovery from the global crisis is going to be prolonged and uneven. The book â€Å"Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery† provides an experienced policymaker’s understanding of the genesis, progression and impact of the financial crisis, and of the lessons it offered. It is written at a time when Indian economy is facing several challenges in terms of slowdown in growth rate, inflation, ballooning fiscal and current account deficit etc. The book contains Dr Reddy’s perspective and analysis of the crisis, recession and recovery in a simple, lucid and non-technical manner which appeals the reader. There are five sections in the book containing 27 chapters in all. The five sections relate to the global financial crisis and its aftermath, financial sector: retrospect and prospects, public policy: challenges and responses, global financial architecture: the debates and India: performance and prospects respectively. The first section of the book gives a lucid account of the financial crisis and its consequences in six chapters. In the first chapter, Dr Reddy talks about the role played by central banks before, during and after the crisis. He writes that the accountability in regard to management of the crisis of the crisis will have to be shared between the central bank, the Ministry of Finance and, to some extent, the government as a whole. The author writes about the consequences of the crisis viz. rebalancing of power between the regulator and the regulated, shift in balance of in favour of Asia, rise of G-20 on the global platform and a cautious approach towards self-correcting efficiency of markets etc. Explanations with regard to the causes of the global financial crisis and an overview of the prolonged extensive excesses that acted synchronically to cause the global crisis are discussed in detail. The second section of the book focuses on the future of the financial sector with some cautious remarks about uncertain recovery and prospects for the futures. The author highlights the role of financial regulation in developing countries. Dr Reddy writes that â€Å"the causes and crossborder transmission of the crisis may differ significantly between the advanced as well as between the developing economies. There is a detailed chapter on countercyclical policies adopted by the RBI in the financial sector and also on the proposals for financial sector regulatory reforms from the perspective of developing countries. He discusses the future of globalisation of finance and the global regulation of the financial sector. The last chapter of this section provides a broad framework for global financial regulation. The third section deals with the public policy challenges and responses that emerged during the current global crisis. He has discussed the feasibility of Tobin Tax and Financial Sector Taxation in light of current crisis. Dr Reddy has also thrown light on the developmental dimension of the financial sector, fiscal implications of the global crisis and macroeconomic frameworks that are emerging for ensuring overall global financial stability. The forth section raises a very important concern of modern times i. e. reform of global financial architecture comprising of the World Bank, the IMF and the WTO. You read "Global Crisis, Recession Uneven Recovery" in category "Papers" In this section, Dr Reddy has discussed the recommendations of the UN Commission on the global crisis. He has also analysed the G-20 framework and its future prospects. Finally the book focuses on India’s performance and prospects; India’s experience in regulating the financial sector; and the need for reform in India’s financial sector. The author also compares Indian situation with that of Asia and the global economy in terms of resilience and recovery after the crisis. The last chapter in concluding section draws attention to the exit strategies being considered at the global as well as national level by the authorities to revert back to normality. Take Away from the Book As the book is entitled â€Å"Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery†, the biggest take away after reading of the book would be a clear and better understanding of these three terms viz. (1) Global Crisis, (2) Recession and (3) Uneven Recovery. I personally would like to share my understanding of these three aspects in greater detail with the help of excerpts from the book in the following points: Global Crisis: Reasons, Consequences and Lessons Learnt Several reasons have been cited for the recent crisis viz. ailure of state, market, governance, intellect and morality. Dr Reddy writes, â€Å"The current global crisis originated in multiple causes that reinforced each other. Extensive excesses on several fronts, which occurred in a synchronised fashion, precipitated the crisis. These excesses were observed in liquidity, macroeconomic imbalances, focus on inflation, inequalities, financialisation, leverage, risk-taking, deregulation, financial inn ovation, networking, greed, globalisation and concentration. 1 While discussing the moral aspect of global crisis, Dr Reddy writes, â€Å"†¦ the large sections of society favoured individualism, narrowly emphasising value for money as consumers and returns on money as investors over other aspects of social behaviour, such as being good citizen or extending corporate loyalty to the institution. †2 Dr Reddy discusses the race to bottom in regulation of financial sector as one of the most crucial reason for the global financial crisis. He writes, â€Å"†¦the excesses in financial sector occurred under a benign public policy that believed the costs of regulation to be greater than its benefits†¦ Even the existing regulation was stymied by excessive innovations in finance that aimed to avoid the prescribed regulatory capital, and injected complexity to undermine the rules of transparency prescribed by regulators. †3 As far as consequences of the crisis are concerned, Dr Reddy is of the view that the current crisis will result in rebalancing of ideological, institutional and operational functioning of states and 1 2 Page 46, Chapter 3 Page 43, Chapter 2 3 Page 59, Chapter 4 markets. He writes, â€Å"â€Å"In recent years, there has been an almost irrefutable presumption in favour of markets and this may be replaced with a refutable presumption in favour of the markets. †4 As a result of the crisis, the irrefutable support for unfettered markets stands discredited and so also the belief that the growth of the financial sector leads to economic development. Also, the crisis has added to the objectives of central banks an additional responsibility i. e. inancial stability. The RBI has also taken it to its objectives alongwith growth and price stability. The author calls for redefining the core banking and recommends treatment of commercial banking as a public utility. He writes, â€Å"†¦universal banking will be de-emphasised and narrow banking, in the sense of banks concentrating on core commercial banking or deposits and lending will be emphasised†¦ In brief, commercial banking is likely to be closer to a public utility than before, and hence subject to regulations akin to public utilities. 5 He further stresses, â€Å"It should be recognised that there will be no banks if there are no depositors. †6 As regards lessons from the crisis, Dr Reddy suggests that â€Å"†¦improving transparency and regulatory oversight of hedge funds, credit rating agencies and over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives should become a priority in the light of the experience from the crisis. †7 Interestingly, the author suggests in the light of observations of the Warwick Commission Report that the scope for and desirability of an ‘unlevelled’ playing field as an instrument of financial sector regulation ought to be explored. As a thinker and an oracle who sees the future of financial sector with great precision, he writes, â€Å"†¦the crisis is global; actions are national; benefits could be selective or universal; but burdens in the future may ha ve to be largely borne by the masses who bear no responsibility for the crisis, and those who did not benefit materially from the events that led the crisis. †9 Recession In Chapter 6, the author discusses the Great Recession of 2009 in detail and thereafter as per the demand of the subject. He clarifies the concepts of depression, recession and slowdown. A slowdown is a clear fall in the growth of an economy. It is usually a short-term phenomenon lasting say a quarter or a year. The author defines slowdown as a drop in the growth rate by one percentage point. To him, recession refers to a sustained decline in the overall economic activity for a period of more than one year. Depression lasts longer than recession and refers to a longer and larger decline in business activity, mainly reflected in huge drop in output and unemployment. 4 5 Page 28, Chapter 1 Page 78, Chapter 5 6 Page 217, Chapter 14 7 Page 172, Chapter 12 8 Page 157, Chapter 10 9 Page 63, Chapter 4 Uneven Recovery If the Great Recession was uneven, so is the recovery. 10 Dr Reddy discusses several responses to the crisis at different points in several chapters. He writes in Chapter 4, â€Å"Initially, the response of monetary authorities, followed by fiscal measures, was confined to the US, UK, Switzerland, other European countries, and Japan, but it was soon realised that it was necessary to involve other countries as well in globally coordinated actions. The author has discussed five possible patterns that could be followed by the countries in their course of recovery. The highly resilient economies may observe rapid recovery from the crisis while less resilient economies would require a longer time to adjust to the new realities and ensure real recovery. Some economies may suffer from double dip recession before complete recovery while some other c ountries may prefer taking structural measures over a prolonged period thereby opting for a slow but positive recovery after recession. Some countries may register a low level of economic activity for a prolonged period and therefore suffer from recession for a much longer period than the rest of the world. Critique of the Book I consider myself too small to write a critique of the book written by Y. V. Reddy; however, as a reader of global crisis literature I have observed a few points which I will share with the readers of this book review. This book being written by a Central Banker is largely concerned with central bank’s role in dealing with such crisis and redefining of the role of central banks in the wake of need for financial stability. In this pursuit, the role of government in dealing with such crisis has been ignored to some extent. Similarly, the book was published in the year 2011 when a number of countries in Europe were facing sovereign debt crisis however, only a passing reference is made to such an important global event which has pushed many countries in double dip recession. Apart from this, the book is worth reading by all economics lovers and also all policy makers as it gives a deeper insight into the global crisis, recession and recovery. To sum up, I would prefer to quote Sir Howard Davies, Director London School of Economics who applauds the book in the following words, â€Å"Dr Reddy’s (book) fills an important gap†¦ He has lived at the heart of financial system and understands its strengths and weaknesses†¦ His analysis of the problems of the global financial architecture is particularly acute. † 10 Page 93, Chapter 6 How to cite Global Crisis, Recession Uneven Recovery, Papers

Women in Architecture free essay sample

A look at womens position in this industry. This paper presents a detailed examination of women in the field of architecture. The writer uses history and current events to depict the trends of females in architecture and looks at various aspects including promotion, acceptance and growth for women in the field. From the paper: A young woman is interested in architecture. She has heard things about architecture that makes it seem like it is a perfect career for her. But others say, Women are too pretty. They just cant grasp the bigger picture. Theyre fine for other professions, but not for architecture This has been the attitude among males in the profession for the past thirty years. The overwhelmingly male profession was and is still not making women feel wanted, welcome, or even competent. If men have the qualifications of which architects are made, then women have it too. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Architecture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many fine male architects, but there are also some mediocre ones. Women have the right and now have the opportunities to get the education, and succeed in this profession.

Effective Performance Management

Performance management includes the steps, measures or actions taken to ensure goals are accomplished or targets are met in an organization, institution, a group etc. it may also include the process of building a product or a service. Performance management when carried out appropriately helps employees know that their efforts are recognized and acknowledged (Neal, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Effective Performance Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Performance management is a continuous process of interaction and discussion between the management or supervisor and the employees. It is a continuous communication process, which includes identifying and setting targets/goals, obtaining feedback and evaluating the results. Effective Performance management Effective performance management requires that a foundation be set to reward good work and motivation to the employees or workers. This can be done through: Explaining the link or rather the connection between individual employee works efforts with the institution or organization’s objectives – The employees should understand how each person’s input contributes to the organization’s wellbeing. Focusing on setting very clear targets – Targets are the performance expectations. Targets help employees get to know what is actually expected of them and work towards it (Mannix, 2005). Apart from the laid down performance expectations, the employees should be encouraged to set targets for themselves. Personal targets would ensure eventual attainment of the company’s target. Setting performance dimensions, setting work standards and use of objectives – This provides the organization or department have a concrete rationale on what needs to be done and what needs to be done away with. This provides a useful platform for the elimination of the non-important segments of work and helps m aintain focus on the essential parts. Regular updates and discussions – This includes regular performance assessment discussions in order to identify shortcomings or problem earlier enough and devise ways of alleviating them. This may include changing the course of an operation just to avoid an indicated future problem. Coming up with an effective management procedure is quite demanding in terms of time and the workers – It is also a motivator, helps the organization set goals and employees abilities be recognized in relation to their target attainment. Steps to successful performance management Planning Drawing a plan is very important since a plan works as the guideline and the basis of operation. Planning should be based on performance expectations, which entail results plus actions (Dick, 1992). A plan should also be written and verifiable. The written plan should be understood mutually by the employees. Performance expectations Results are calculated with the use of objectives, standards and targets. Actions are often measured by means of performance dimensions. In order to perform, employees have to understand what the expectations are. They need to have an up-to date description on the job. A good job description describes the responsibilities, tasks and essential duties. The knowledge and skill requirements of the job should also be well illustrated on the job description (McCuiston, 2004). Expected performance must go beyond the description of the job. A high quality job performance is based on the range of expected outcomes and assessment of issues such as:Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The goods and services to provide Impact of the job on the overall organization How the employee is likely to interact and fit in with colleagues, the management or even clients. The organizational values that the employee has to exhibit Mea ns, procedures or processes the employee is expected to use in the job When focusing on performance expectations, the employee needs to know the reason for the existence of the job and know how or where the job fits in the organization. In addition, the employee needs to understand the link between the job responsibilities to the organizational mission and objectives. Performance expectations act as the basis for communicating performance. They form the basis for assessing the performance of individual employees. An employer or a supervisor, being in charge of clear objectives and expectations that have to be attained, decides on ways to achieve success. Written and verifiable expectations A written plan Serves as a basis for communicating on performance expectations Helps employees know and understand the accepted and non-accepted outcomes. Enables the employees to assess and know when they have performed what others were expecting of them. When employees discover that they have performed according to expectations, they become satisfied and even draw self-inspiration. Enables the new employees know or rather understand and internalize what is expected of them. The new employees get informed about performance expectations. A plan puts everything in the open thus encouraging an open relationship between the management and the employees. Putting expectations in writing A well-written summary of a planning discussion during the planning process provides an essential record of the mutual understanding and agreement on the expectations (Ely, 2001). Putting in writing, the expectations i.e. the expected targets/ objectives, the expected actions is important in: Allocation of resources Budget discussions Program prioritization Mutually written expectations also aid in focusing feedback and minimizing complications when it comes to the time of result and performance analysis. Verification of performance expectation Performance expectations should be able to be ve rified. Early in the performance management cycle-plan the employee together with the contributions of the management should be able to point out on how and where the indicators of employee performance will be obtained. The quantifiable expectations are the easiest to assess. However, most of the time expectations are not easily measurable. These are known as the qualitative expectations, which can basically be made verifiable through stating the criteria to be followed, behaviors to b displayed plus the target dates to meet. It is important to find out how performance will be verified at the time when assigning the various responsibilities. This assists the employees to keep track of their performance and make consultations when necessary.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Effective Performance Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ways of verifying performance Performance can be verified in many ways. Som e of the commonly applied ways include: Using specific and observable job products – This implies the tangible features, which can be easily reviewed without the employee necessarily being present. Use of Reports and records – Records such as attendance records, safety records, financial records and inventories are essential indicators of employee performance. Through direct observation of an employee performance Using a rating scale – This is a scale that defines behaviors at various performance levels. The rate scale measures what is called the behaviorally anchored rating scales. Critical comments or commendations received on the employee’s performance. The commendations or comments could be obtained from clients or even colleagues. Making use of direct observations – This is particularly possible in jobs with built-in feedbacks. Check-In: Providing Observation and Feedback After the performance targets and objectives are set, it is important to observe an employee’s performance and have regular check-ins. The check-ins is meant to provide feedback and it is upon the employer or the management to inoculate pleasant performance into an employee. Some jobs have built in feedbacks, such as an electrician repairing a switch and the switch working. This type of feedback is immediate and hence is very effective. As a manager, one gives informal feedback very frequently. By providing and observing detailed feedback, the management plays a very essential role in developing the employee and assisting in assuring continued success in achieving the performance expectations. Coaching This is a method of communication with an employee stronger. Coaching is essentially used during check-in sessions. These are the sessions to discuss with the employers not only the performance expectations but also on how to achieve the expectations in line with the organization’s mission (Bacal, 2002). Coaching aids in shaping performanc e and it also increases the likelihood of an employee meeting the set targets or rather the set performance expectations. Assessment Assessment is the final phase of the performance management cycle. Assessment provides a very important opportunity for the management to discuss or rather exchange with the employee about previous performance, assess the employee’s morale, and draw plans for the worker’s future performance targets and expectations (Zaffron, 2009).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is always strongly suggested that employees should be assessed on annual basis but it is rather important to assess employees more frequently. In this way, it is easier to monitor progress and even acknowledge performance. Round the office management This is management focused mainly in the operations within the office. It focuses on activities and functioning of an office. Office management covers such areas as work manuals, work rules, hours of work, attendance and personnel files. All these should be handled appropriately and cautiously (Austin, 2000). Delegation This is a way of consistently providing directions and careful instructions to the workers. When work is delegated appropriately, the staff is able to learn new skills and expertise, which would help them be more productive and be self-reliant. As a supervisor, one has to assess the employee’s abilities to complete and accept duties assigned to them. Managing employee reorganizations Reorganization refers to ch anges, which occur in an organization’s staffing, programs and resources. How to manage reorganization Identify the problem. Examine the existing jobs and structures and determine whether they satisfy departmental goals. Setting up ways and means for collecting input from staff.: These include Doing verbal, written, or even computer surveys Establishing problem-solving teams Setting up review committees Interaction in the Workplace Diversity in the Workplace Workforce diversity implies the inclusion of individuals of all walks of life into the workforce (Daniels, 2004). It also acknowledges that people vary in abilities, gender, socio-cultural, age and even experiences. The current political, social and economical events induce managers, entrepreneurs and politicians to regard diversity management as a priority of their agenda. Also apart from ensuring complete exploitation of employee abilities, proper diversity management can contribute organizational achievement throug h enabling access to a dynamic market Communication Communication is an essential tool used in performance management. Good communication can help an organization: Improve relationships and also instill teamwork. Communication helps conjugate staff and ensures smooth flow of information in the work place. To develop and improve performance and output Ensures an open and creative environment, information sharing enhances creativity since the staff obtain variety of information from colleagues and also from the employer or management. To solve its problems effectively and efficiently Managing Conflict Conflicts Conflicts are basically disagreements. In conflicts, no party is wrong. In addition, in place, different groups or persons collide and this brings about disagreement (Routledge, 2009). In most conflicts, neither party is right or wrong; instead, different perceptions collide to create disagreement. Conflict is always there, it is a natural occurrence and it is up to you to st and up against conflicts professionally in order to arrive at solutions. The outcome a conflict solving process depends on the approach. A conflict can turn out as very positive if handled positively and openly. Problem correction is a way of strengthening the work unit. A conflict in views can at times be very resourceful. It gives someone an opportunity to learn about self, learn how to explore other people’s views and even promotes productive and healthy relationships. Resolving Conflict Situations In order to manage a conflict professionally one must have adequate skills in communication (Nemeth, 2011). This can be achieved through creation of an open environment whereby everyone is free to air their views, talk about experiences and also state any difficulty they might be facing in executing their duties. It is important to listen to the employees’ views (Tally, 2000). It is also necessary to create an open environment whereby one feels free to air views without f ear of victimization of any sort. It is important to understand their plights and grievances and also to ask questions concerning their raised concerns. When faced with employees who find it diffi9cult to resolve their own conflicts: First, acknowledge that a problem exists and a solution is vital. Inform yourself with the problem; get to know the root cause. Get to know the emotions or feelings behind the conflict since some conflicts are based on emotions and feelings such as anger. Ensure that the feelings are expressed and acknowledge them. Single out the problem. Learn the negative impact of the conflict on the job or on the said parties’ relationships, meet with the parties or rather employees differently at first and listen to each of their statements separately. Identify the crucial need. First, look for needs before looking into solutions. Starting with the need is a powerful tool in conflict resolution. Finally resolve to a solution that either the colliding partie s or persons can live with. In most cases, it is not a matter of deciding on who is wrong and who is right. Find the common areas of agreement. Do follow up. This involves monitoring the proceedings for a period of time. Scheduling a meeting with the conflicting parties say after about two weeks to determine how the parties are faring is very necessary. Decide on the next cause of action if the problem still lies unresolved. If the existence of the conflict is detrimental to the operations of the department or organization then it is important that solutions be sought elsewhere. An external facilitator such as the staff ombudsman may be important at this stage. Conflict resolution may sometimes even involve performance appraisals, may become a coaching topic or subject to disciplinary action. Most conflicts however always are as a result of anger. One very effective method of defusing anger is through effective listening (Coens, 2002). When anger is directed towards oneself, it is always difficult to respond definitively and decisively simply because one’s emotions are always involved. Sexual harassment Sexual harassment is another form or rather cause of conflict at the workplace. Preventing Sexual Harassment In order to effectively curb sexual harassment, there are a number of points to note. Always monitor and be on the lookout for any forms of sexual harassment at the workplace. Watch out for any unbecoming behaviors that may tend towards sexual harassment. Bring up the subject of sexual harassment at the organizational meetings or any other forms of staff meetings and express dire consequences and disapproval for the offence. Inform every one of the organization’s policies and stands on the issue of sexual harassment. Communicate and distribute harassment policy and complaint resolution processes to all the employees. Let everyone know which behaviors amount to sexual harassment. You may post the official sexual harassment brochure for the entire organization to read and acquaint themselves with the policies. Performance management cycles This refers to any systematic approach to performance management. This basically involves the use of relevant measures and indications, regularly monitoring procedures to isolate and identify achievements and using the information obtained to rectify or modify plans (Shen et al., 2009). Performance management cycle is represented in four stages. Planning entails identifying the performance required and ways of scaling or measuring achievement. Doing involves encouraging performance and ensuring that the performance is to the required standard. Support and development are also provided. Conclusion Managing performance or managing employees ensures effective delivery and attainment of a company or organization’s visions (Aubrey, 1999). There is always a direct correlation between having a functional performance management system and improved business or organizational results. The results are obtained in the form of: direct financial gains, motivated workforce and improved management control. According to the U.S. Office of Personnel Management indicates that Performance Management is a system or process whereby: Performance Expectations are set and there is effective planning of work Monitoring is done on all the aspects of work There is development and enhancement of Staff ability. There is rating and summarization of performance. Rewards are given to the top performers. References Aubrey, C 1999, Bringing out the Best in People, McGraw-Hill, New York. Austin, J Carr, J 2000, Handbook of Applied Behavior Analysis, Context Press, New York. Bacal, R 2002, Performance management; a briefcase book, Stanford University Press,   Stanford. Coens, T 2002, Abolishing performance appraisals; why do they backfire, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot. Daniels, A 2004, Performance Management: Changing Behavior that Drives  Organizational Effectiveness. Context Pre ss, New York. Dick, G 1992, Complete guide to performance appraisal, McGraw Hill, New York. Ely, R Thomas, D 2001, ‘Cultural Diversity at Work: The Effects of Diversity Perspectives on Work Group Processes Outcomes’, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.46, No.6, pp. 229-273. Mannix, E Neale, M 2005, ‘What Differences Make a Difference? The Promise and Reality of Diverse Teams in Organizations’, Psychological Science in the Public  Interest, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 31-55. McCuiston, V, Wooldrige, R Pierce, C 2004, ‘Leading the diverse workforce. Profit, prospects and progress’, The Leadership Organization Development Journal, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 73-92. Neal, J 2002, Effective phrases for performance management, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot. Nemeth, C Klein, G 2011, The naturalistic decision making perspective, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Routledge T Francis, G 2009, ‘Performance management’, Journal of Organizational  Beh avior Management, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 123-432. Tally, G 2000, Effective phrases for performance management, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot. Shen, J, Chanda, A, D’Netto, B, Monga, M 2009, ‘Managing diversity through human resource management: an international perspective and conceptual framework’, The  International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 235–251. Zaffron, L Steve, D 2009, Performance Management: The Three Laws of  Performance: Rewriting the Future of Your Organization and Your Life. John Wiley and Sons, New York. This report on Effective Performance Management was written and submitted by user Eden Kerr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Edgar Allan Poe

Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was an American short fiction writer who lived a life of afflictions and tragedies such as the claiming of his loved ones by tuberculosis, which then had no cure.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Edgar Allan Poe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tuberculosis killed many people. It speared neither his mother nor his wife. As Penguin Readers Teachers Support Program reckons, â€Å"he was one of the earliest writers to use the short story form to write many chilling horror stories in the romantic tradition† (1). He is also widely acclaimed as the originator of detective story. Edgar Allan Poe attempted to live by just writing. However, he faced quite a lot of challenges since the proceeds raised from the works were quite less to afford a decent living coupled with acts of plagiarism. Interpreting his literary works from the author’s context perhaps ardently reveals these challenges. Additionally, his works arguably, are profoundly inspired by his close people who succumbed mainly to tuberculosis. Consequently, his life experiences prompted him to create stories that conveyed certain themes. The short story, X-ing a Paragraph, perhaps well portrays the Edgar Alan Poe concerns for acts of plagiarism and non-protection of written works by the Copy Right law; something that immensely impeded his success and subsequent publication of his works. Penguin Readers Teachers Support Program notes that, in X-Ing a Paragraph â€Å"a stubborn Mr. Touch-and-Go Bullet-head†¦settles down to Alexander-the-great-o-nopolis, where he opens the Nopolis Teapot, a newspaper† (2). Right from the very first article, he enormously attacks the editor of a local daily newspaper, namely John smith, criticizing over usage of the letter â€Å"O† in his publications. In an attempt to show Mr. Smith how skillful he is in writing, Mr. Bullet- head finds himself overusing the l etter â€Å"O† again. Before he prints the article, Bob discovers that Os were widely missing in the boxes.Advertising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, his boss directs him to print the article in some way. Unfortunately, as Penguin Readers Teachers Support Program puts it, â€Å"Following the printer’s tradition, he replaces all Os with Xs†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦making the article unreadable, which leads the population to believe that there was something devilish in it† (2). The angry mob tries to find me Mr. Bullet-head. Unfortunately, he ends up to have vanished. Arguably, the theme of X-ing a Paragraph reflects on the Edgar Alan Poe’s experience in his writing career life. Congruent with this argument, Penguin Readers Teachers Support Program lament, â€Å"although Edgar Alan Poe is known for his tales of horror and mystery, X-ing a Par agraph is a sharp satire on newspapers, their editors and gullibility of their readers† (3). This argument largely has some substance especially bearing in mind that Edgar Alan Poe’s work had faced hefty criticisms. For instance, Neimeyer claims how an anonymous critic suggested that works were unsuitable for the then readers in that they were â€Å"below the average of newspaper trash wild, unmeaning, pointless, aimlesswithout anything of elevated fancy or praiseworthy humor† (207). Other critics such as Alexandra’s weekly massager commended the author’s creativity and cute use of his power of imagination and incredible powerful level of intellectualism while developing his literary works. Considering these two commentaries of his literary works, some, levels of mixed criticisms appears just like there was confusions the usage of the Os and Xs in the X-ing a Paragraph. In this context, the theme of the X-ing a Paragraph, widely reflects on the auth or’s experiences in the writing career. Horror and mystery were part of the Edgar Alan Poe life. He only attended the university for one semester and then dropped due to financial difficulties. Orphaned at a tender age, he attempted to join the army at the capacity of cadet but failed. Later, he left the people who took care of him, John and Frances Allan, to join the world of uncertainties. Therefore, it is not by coincidence that some of his works reflects terror and misery themes. Such works include The Black Cat amongst others. Edgar Alan Poe’s literary works appear in three categories, with each category perhaps presenting the various phases of life experiences. Poe fell in love at an early age as sixteen with Elmira Royster. He engaged her despite the lack of parental consent. Coincidentally, he dedicated his first wave of writing to themes of innocence and beauty coupled with â€Å"Love and Joy as dynamic life values in the poets feeling for the potentiality of the harmony of mind with nature, of the soul with God or the universal ‘Ens’† (Cornelius 5). This first category, between1827 to 1831, possessed impeccable romantic myths tantamount to the memoirs of paradise or perhaps if anything less than that, Eden. Edgar Alan Poe’s mother died when he was quite young.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Edgar Allan Poe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The tragedy left him under foster care. Reflections of pain and loss of the close relatives arguably are evident in his publications of the 1831 to 1841 decade. In this end, Cornelius laments, â€Å"a radical change was reflected in poems and tales on the theme of death as finality in a cosmic void of darkness and silence† (13). Though not predicted, state of desperation associated with loss of loved ones in this generation of his literal works, were to turn around and afflict his life again when he lost his wife who he treasured so much in 1847. Additionally, his works introspects critically the theme of love and hatred. Among the stories in which he ardently addresses hatred and love include William Wilson and Tell-Tale Heart. He looks at the two opposite emotions as complex in nature with deferring psychological impacts especially in the way they serve to blend with each other. With regard to William Wilson and Tell-Tale Heart, hatred and love stand out as universal realities. It is impossible to separate one from the other. As a way of example, in Tell-Tale Heart, Edgar Alan Poe admits loving a man who he, in turn, murders violently. He presents a paradox between the early men that he loves to the dead man that he hates him. Arguably, one might extend this paradox to the experiences of Edgar Alan Poe, which were full of instances of happiness. This is evident when he falls in love at sixteen, as well as the instances when he suffers psychologically from the loss of his loved ones where he feels as if the world hates him most. Edgar Alan Poe was a poet right from his birth. His life experiences provide him with the vital tools for use in the development of his talent. As Bits and pieces II comment, â€Å"He Delights in the wild and visionary, his mind penetrates the inmost recesses of the human soul, creating vast and magnificent dreams, eloquent fancies and terrible mysteries† (Para 10). His life encounters blends well with the recurring themes of horror in his vast literal works, about seventy of them. The Black Cat is one of the stories that bring out the themes of horror and misery. Much similar to The Tell-Tale Heart, The Black Cat deploys the madness decent of the narrator. Right from the start of the story, he asserts that he is sane despite acknowledging that the tale that he is about to narrate is predominantly wild. The story does not just dwell on the preconceived narrator’s state of mind. It brings into the attention t he likely cause of this mental state. The author contented that alcoholism had immensely contributed to this state of mind.Advertising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Alcoholism interfered with the manner in which the narrator conceived and grasped realities, as it produced swings of his mood. The cat, consequently, serves almost the same purpose like alcohol in that it interferes with the dynamics characterizing the plot development of the story. The incorporation of alcohol and its associated repercussions is somewhat significant in terms of reflection of the author’s life encounters in the themes of his works. In fact, Edgar Allan Poe involved himself in the abuse of alcohol especially when he experienced challenges in his life. Perhaps congruent with this proposition, majority of his biographies contend that Edgar Allan Poe could have died of alcohol poisoning in Baltimore. However, others claim based on the impossibility of determining the actual cause of his death. They associate it with afflictions by deleterious effects arising from overconsumption of alcohol. Conclusively, based on the expositions put forth in the paper, it suffic es to declare the life experiences of playwrights and filmmakers the chief determinants of most of the themes they feature in their works. Poe is not an exception. The paper has pointed out how the situation on the ground contributed towards the many themes: horror and misery, academic crimes, and financial challenges amongst others that are present in his works. Otherwise, Poe’s provides an informative piece of mastery that reflects the life he encountered right from his childhood. Bits and Pieces II. Selected Quotations about Edgar Allan Poe, 2010. Web. https://www.eapoe.org/geninfo/poebtsp2.htm. Cornelius, Kay. Blooms BioCritiques: Edgar Allan. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. Print. Neimeyer, Mark. Poe and Popular Culture collected in the Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. London: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print. Penguin Readers Teachers Support Program. Outstanding Short Stories, 2008. Web.

A Nation Apart 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Nation Apart 2 - Essay Example The author takes further association from the findings of Kroeber to support the emergence of demographic liberation to ignite the rapid urbanization and adoption of technology from developed countries. 2. Simon Elegant refers the warnings of Nouriel Roubini, a professor of New York University as an indicator for international financial implosion leading to economic crisis resulting in out bleak scenario for China. This is the refuting idea chosen by the author to start an argument relating to economic crisis in China. 3. Evidently, Simon Elegant makes out clear views of the trend with representation of statistical data. He uses more regulative terms to interpolate each element under discussion to prove it with some percentile explanation. He tries to find the true sides of China’s estimated annual growth rate of 11 per cent from the given conditions of spiking inflations of yester years. Details of export growth by 2.5% and an expectation for 8% growth in GDP after a depressive fall of 4% in industrial production during the second half of the preceding year are examples of his accuracy in assuming a statistical data. Overall, the author was quite successful in concluding the article on China’s economic downturn with an optimistic

W3a1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

W3a1 - Assignment Example This paper discusses the activities of the people in the cities during the period of the creation of the skyscrapers and social, economic and political factors that fueled the creation of these buildings in the nineteenth century. The cities during the era of creation of the first skyscrapers were filled with Immigrants from India, Germany, Ireland and Immigrants of African descendants (Life in the city). The Immigrants were mostly farmers in the rural areas. Raw materials such as Iron and steel frames for construction were cheap and readily available as a result of the first industrial revolution. The availability of these materials led to the construction of tall buildings that did not take up much space for the base structure; steel is highly malleable taking many shapes to ensure strong connections. Steel frames supported curtain walls that could be constructed taller than concrete walls. Tall buildings require strong foundations due to their weight and the invention of special water-tight boxes made it possible to erect tall buildings on loose wet grounds. Technology developments such as the invention of elevators paved way for construction of buildings taller than ten storey buildings which were impract ical to access the upper floors through stairs. The invention of Air conditioning necessitated the construction of tall buildings that could be heated and ventilated. People were attracted to work in these buildings. The invention of water pumps that provided supply of water to upper floors and the adaptation of iron piping that allowed the provision of cold and hot water. Immigrants from Europe, India and some of the free Africans started moving to the cities in search of jobs and, as a result increasing the population in the urban centers. The Immigrants worked laborers in the Industries. The second industrial revolution improved the living

Responseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Essay

Responseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee - Essay Example is no optimum or correct channel of distributing a product or service; it is important for the marketer to focus on other factors when creating a regular channel marketing strategy and making precise channel decisions. Buyers buy a product or service to satisfy a particular need. In decision making in marketing, a buyer has a performed image on the goods or services based on the marketing messages and the company’s reputation. Thus, where the customer finally buys the product is irrelevant to the customer; so long as the product is to the best of his expectations and that the procedure for buying is as simplified as possible. Products that are strongly advertised or those with powerful brand names will definitely have consumers looking out for their products despite the type of distribution used. On the other hand, the consumer value proposition and the buying process changes and mirrors shifting priorities based on personal needs of the consumer. For major goods or eservices, customers may demand varying levels of attention, services, or uniqueness in the purchase (Rajan 20). Such consumer demands can be achieved by different channels of distribution, which are influenced by the type of channel used by the producer. This may include how well motivated and trained the channel is, and the way the channel services the consumers. Indeed, there is nothing like a correct or best channel of distribution for all goods. As products flow in a life cycle, channels that have been in existence will vanish to give way to new ones. As consumer positions, attitudes, usages, and positions of the goods change, it is highly probable that consumers will find the way to different channels. A product or service sold at one time through specified dealerships, at the start, might now be sold via discounters or mass-merchants at the final stages of its product life

Examining The Flooding Effects In Gambia Environmental Sciences Essay

Examining The Flooding Effects In Gambia Environmental Sciences Essay Floods have been a major natural disaster, affecting the Gambia over the last decade. It effects has been a cause for concern, because the Gambia is situated in the low lying coast and it has a low capacity in resolving the problems on floods. As a result of the rising sea levels, along with excess rainfall and high tides, the Gambias river reaches its flood stage, causing flooding and inundation. According to UNFCCC (2007), the Gambia is part of the worlds most vulnerable countries, that are prone to the effects of sea level rise and the countrys has a few resources to reduce the risks, it poses for the future. The aim of this report is to understand the impacts of sea level rise on river flood and also, to understand its consequences for the flood risk management in Gambia. Geography and Demography The Gambia, being the smallest country in the African continent, has an area of 11,000 km (NEA, 2010). Studies from the UNEP(no date) claim that, about one third of its surface area is covered by the Gambias river with marsh lands along its banks. Its river originates from the Futa Djallon highlands in Guinea, bisecting the country into a narrow strip of land, approximately 400 km long and 30 km wide on both sides of Gambia (see Figure 1). Gambia is bordered on all sides, by the Republic of Senegal and on the west, by the Atlantic Ocean (GOTG, 2008). Figure 1: Map of the Gambia ( Jaiteh and Saho, 2006) Climate and population The Gambias climate is known to be subtropical, with dry seasons from November to May, and wet seasons from June to October. Rainfalls and tides are known to be the key factors that influence the rivers flows, as the rainfall ranges from 850-1,200 mm per annum (NEA,2010). However, over the past decades, there has been massive outbreaks of drought due to low rainfall patterns. As a result, relatively little vegetation cover, has increased the vulnerability of severe floods, because of inadequate permeable surfaces. During the wet seasons, the excess rainfalls, is the period when the overflow of the river banks and into the floodplains, reaches its peak (GOTG, 2008). The Gambias population is now estimated at 1.36 million (Jaiteh and Saho, 2006) with a density of over 130 persons/km2 (UNDP, 2000). A study by Columbia University(2007) claim that almost 62% of the population, residing outside the 10 meter elevation of the coastal areas, are at risk of coastal flooding, and they are susceptible to the effects from sea level rise(see Figure 2). Also 14% of the population, living in the upper river division and the 13% of the population living in the Central river division are those, under greatest threat of river flooding. Figure 2: Population density map(Columbia Univeristy,2007) The countrys geomorphology is made up of its river, which divides the country into two separate forms of a plateau. The lower valley is up to a total land area of 39 percent and its swamps are prone to floods, thus it is only 2 km away from the river ( Jaiteh, 2008). Jaiteh (2008) states that, the countrys highest land heights are in the east of the country, although they are not above 60 meters. The areas shaded in green are those that are more prone to river floods, hence it is less than ten meters above mean sea level (see Figure 3). Correspondingly, the river flow is up to 30 percent below 10 meters above mean sea level and up to 20 percent during flood seasons (NEA, 2010) Figure 3: Elevation Map of The Gambia (Jaiteh, 2003) Flooding in The Gambia Flooding has been the most common hazard, which affected people throughout the world. Annually, 75million people are affected by flood related disasters (Coppola,2011). In Gambia, the national disaster management agency (2008-2011) reported that between 2002 and 2006, there have been 65 flood events. Human activities add to the vulnerability of flood prone areas, especially in the north bank division, deforestation and poor farming tends to reduce the soils ability to hold the flood waters, and this causes more runoffs and erosion (NEA, 2010). Floods can be considered as natural occurrence, rather than pinning it on the effects from climate change. Knuckman (2011) states that, as the catchment reaches its excess water levels, its loses its ability to restore this excess water and then flooding arises. In addition to that, Cooper and Pilkey (2004) believe that other factor listed below also contributes to the factors that trigger floods. There are three main factors that influence river floods are: Sea level Forcing: Due to the high rations between the width and length of the river estuary, Jaiteh and Sarr (2011) have claimed that, sea level rise will increase towards the inner part of the river estuary and this applies to the river Gambia due to it land along the river is flat. Wind forcing: The wind pressure has a huge impact on the water level. Reports from the Gambias meteorology office reveal that, during the last 10 years, there has been a 25cm difference in the water levels between the rainy and the dry season, due to shifts of wind speed. During the rainy season, the forces of the wind has a higher load over the rivers surface Tributary forcing: The rivers mean discharge ranges from 460-90 m3 (Leseck et al, 1980)and the impacts of the severe stream flows affects the rivers tributaries, increasing pressure on the rivers pressure.. Surface evaporation is expected to increase, and this can place additional constraints on management rules of an upstream reservoir in the country. Also, integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) institutions faces problems associated with the water floods from sea level rise, as drainage congestion increases the height of flood levels. During wet seasons, when excess precipitation triggers the river to reach its flood stage, causing the flooded water to flow to the flood plains and unto the land (GOTG, 2008). In1999 and 2003, there was a serious flood event that occurred in Upper River and Central River Regions, affecting 13.1% of the countrys population (National disaster management agency2008-2011). The Gambias has developed a national disaster management agency in 1996, as a response strategy, to provide emergency assistance; rescue, relief and precautionary operations, for all the disasters in the country. Under this agency, there has been a framework called the strategic action plan, which provides a pathway on what actions and mechanisms to be undertaken for an effective disaster management for the Gambia. For instance, in terms of precautionary strategies of floods, this management agency provides sand bags, as flood proofing against the flood water levels during the rainy seasons. Although this process has not been effective, because during the recent floods (1999 and 2003), the forces of the flood waters has exceeded the capacity of those existing sand bags over the recent years (GOTG, 2008). A case study event: July 2010 floodings (Jaiteh and sarr 2011) In September 2010, there was an extreme flood event from heavy rainfalls; affecting 1,000 and 790 people were displaced. The National Red Cross provided financial support on those affected, whilst Red Crescent societies, were responsible for the emergency rescue and rehabilitation aid (DREF, 2010) Jallow et al(1996) carried out a research of a one meter sea level rise scenario on the coastal zone. He concluded that, 1m rise in sea level due to flooding would lead to a total land loss of 92 km ² in Banjul, because its elevation , and Banjul is built on a low lying sand spit (see Figure 4). An estimated total cost of 217 million US Dollars, worth of land could be lost, including the mangroves on St. Marys Island, and along the river banks in the north bank divisions (National Climate Committee Banjul, 2003). Figure 4: Areas susceptible of flooding with a 1 meter sea level rise (GOTG, 2007) The Gambia government has also formulated a national adaptation program of action on (NAPA) on climate change, which is under the administration of the UNFCCC. This framework was signed by the Gambia in June 2001, as a means of developing adaptations to climate change and also, to attain preventive schemes for natural disasters such as floods (Jaiteh and Sarr, 2011). Currently, there have been no existing engineering flood defenses in place, against the prevention of floods in the Gambia. According to executive director of the National disaster management agency, claimed that inadequate resources and low funding has been the countrys main stumbling block, in generating effective flood protection structures such as embankments and dykes. Mr Khan, further went on to say that, there has been ten contingency action plans, funded by the World Bank in 1998 to enhance sustainable actions for their flood risk management strategy. Effects of sea level rising in Gambia The sea level is rising due to an increased temperature from the atmosphere; which causes thermal expansions in the oceans and the melting of the ice caps( Gehrels and Long, 2008). This outcome increases the water level of the sea to rise. Reports from IPCCC(2007) claimed, that global sea level is likely to increase by 18 cm to 59 cm by 2100. In Gambia, it is believed that the sea levels could rise by 15cm to 95 cm by 2100 (UNFCCC,2007). This means that, if global warming is not monitored , the challenges of coping with extreme flood will perpetuate, which will cause future constraints to the Gambias disaster management agency. This outcome of global warming, threatens the risk of potential rivers flooding at an alarming rate in the future if there is not reduction in greenhouse gases. Rising sea levels, inundates the coastal zone, due to its low lying feature the Capital city Banjul is vulnerable to flooding it is less than one meter above mean sea level (see figure 3). It is believed that the relationship between the effects of sea level rise, is caused by the changing climate conditions and the natural occurrence of the river (Hunt,2000). For instance, at the rivers estuary, the rising water level from the sea, with heavy precipitation during the wet season increase the risks of flooding in the rivers floodplains (National Disaster Management Agency, 2008-2011). On the other hand, Jallow et al (1996) reveals that, high tides on the river estuaries, influenced by the westerly winds has also been a major factor why the river Gambia floods. Unfortunately, the tide record recorder has not been in function over the past years, for further analysis (see Table 1) Table 1: Tidal recorder table: Water levels from tide records taken in Banjul, from 1979 to 1993(Jallow et al 1996) The tide recorder above shows that, the water level has remained constant about two meters between 1979-1984, and towards the late 1980s due to low tides, there has been drastic shift between 1988 till 1993. Evidence of the high water levels can be seen in 1980, when huge river floods occurred in the central river division, accompany with heavy storm surges (Jallow et al, 1996). Conversely the NEA (2000) claimed that the tidal currents mostly influences floods in the river estuary than the coastline, thus are weaker by the coastline; Banjul, and higher up to1m/s in the rivers estuary. Figure 3: Current Elevation of Banjul (Jallow et al, 1999) Response strategies The Disaster agency mainly undertakes a disaster response and risk reduction system, than a disaster prevention scheme. In 2007, the agency formulated a risk reduction policy, called a hazards Profile of the Gambia and its Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment Report, to identify the hazards, and the potential threats it poses to the country to the country (National Disaster Management Agency 2008-2011). In 2008 the Gambia government developed a National Disaster Management Act which stressed, that the all adaptation and precautionary measures undertaken for flood preventions must be effective and capable to serve long-term purposes. Thus in the event of the 2003 flooding in Central River Division (CRD), the practical early warnings has not been efficient in alerting people before floods occurs. In the 2003 event, it was unreliable because it did not reach the entire region. Therefore, a change in its the response strategy of the monitoring systems. Post 2003 the government proposes to produce a more resourceful flood risk management plan that consists of geospatial informations to improve the monitoring services to produce positive effective warning systems. There has been a proposal to develop a mapping program to manage the rivers floodplains along central river division (NEA, 2010). Currently the UNDP in the collaboration of a National disaster management program provides project guidelines on, 1. How to review of early warning systems, 2. How to analyze management systems, in precautionary measures and 3. The provision of regular feedbacks to those responsible stakeholders (NEA, 2010). International response The United nations has recommended to the local government to develop artificial channels such as canals and build dams as mechanisms against flood. More over, the government has been has been reluctant, on these developments, especially dams, as they can cause the changes in the course of the river and its establishment, has not been financially viable. The UNDP support to the Gambia on floods, encourages a capacity building approach, in which grassroots development, enhances the local community with skills on planting mangroves around there neighborhood, as preparation plans to deal with the flood waters before flood occurrence (UNDP,2000). Recently, the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) provided technical support to the Gambias assessment of the national institutional framework for the national program of Action. This was not been supportive because it has not clearly indicate areas prone to river flooding, induced sea level rise, to provide accurate analysis on research to cope with the risks from both sea level and flooding. Furthermore, the nonexistence of physical flood defenses against flood preventions, and this has been the why vulnerability increases of the countrys liability to floods (NEA, 2010). LONG-TERM plans and Recommendations Construction of physical defenses It is significant to build a low cost seawall or a bulkhead to cope with the effects of sea level and floods along the coastline. The seawall has a 1:2 slope, a 2-metre beam and a height above water of 1.2 times sea level rise scenario. This would protect the coastline where there land is less than one meter above mean sea level, along Banjul area, by the mangrove systems. It is adequate to use dikes made up of about 1.5 to 2 meter to control the water levels (NEA, 2010) Wetland preservation and mitigation The estuary of the Gambia River contains economically important wetlands and mangrove systems. The mangrove systems on the Kombo St. Mary Island and Kombo Peninsular are regarded as vital breeding grounds for various aquatic species. Efforts should be made to protect these areas by declaring them as protected wetlands. This would discourage exploitation of the resources in these wetlands. This can examine the impacts of upstream dams on the Gambia River in terms of reduced sediment supply. Effects of sea level rise on flood risk management The constraints that the rising sea level has on flood risk management affects the Gambias land use planning and the water resource management. There is the need to increase the use of floodplains against floods, and also development the rivers basin. Water resource management In producing a better river basin, flood management need to identify the connection of the rivers flowing patters. The Gambias integrated water resource management ensures that the water quality is being preserved, and dams and wells are protected against contamination of the flood waters. When river flooding occurs, the major problems arises from drainage congestion and these are regarded as the significant effects of raising water levels on flood risk management Land use planning The Gambia needs to map out the most vulnerable locations of flood risks, to enable accurate impact assessments, between land-use planning and the protection of the infrastructures. Also, the contingency plan should include flood scenarios that are beyond the projected situation, in order to increase its management capacities.The lands office and physical planning should avoid the allocation of lands that are susceptible of flooding. For instance dried up streams in kombo peninsular, consists of new settlements, and has recently flooded during the rainy seasons. People residing at areas prone to flooding should be advice to raise their gate above the mean flood levels. Conclusion It can be concluded that, the impacts of rising sea levels will continue to increase the risk of flooding across the country, if the preventive systems are not enhanced productively in the future. This is because, the Gambia focus all their attention on the response systems, than prevention systems of floods and the effects of sea level rise, rather than tackling the root causes of the problems, and then finding means of preventing its occurrence. Lack of appropriate data has been a stumbling block in producing the accurate findings, for effective risk management systems. Although, Gambia has been classified as a net sink country, the amount of greenhouse gases eliminate from the atmosphere is more than those produced (NEA, 2010). Yet it is been severely affected by the global climate change effects over the last decade. Its management systems undertake an integrated approach, such as policy formulations and contingency plans, rather than establishing of physical defenses. To sum it up, the most important method to manage the effects of sea level rise on floods is to reconstruct those groynes(trunks of rhun palm inserted into the sea) in Banjul to capture those sediments transported during erosion (see Figure 5). The construction dikes, can possible be, one of the most efficient form of flood defences. Also, catchment flood management strategy can be an essential tool in providing a sustainable protection on managing flood risks. The facilitation of a catchment flood management plan will enable the Gambia, to benefit from the understanding flood risks of the river Gambia, in order to tackle its consequences efficiently. In this way, the national disaster management and the rest of the stakeholders will undertake a more technical style towards their flood management plan. In addition to that, there has been poor records to verify flood magnitudes and its frequency and if this was available, there will be allocation, there will be accurate analysis that can provide inappropriate technique to manage future flood risk managements for the Gambia.A corporation that brings together the efforts of the local government, UN agencies, NGOs, civil Society and local communities is the most effective form of a achieving a sustainable flood management strategy would create an inclusive disaster management framework in the country and to improve governments capacities to manage and counter to floods effectively. Received feed back: supervisor wants me to provide a picture of a dikes, as I have written in my conclusion that, it cal be the most effective form of flood risk of management. Please run this thru your plagiarism website for me. I am in Uni working on my powerpoint slides

Unidentified Flying Objects: Fact or Fiction? :: essays papers

Unidentified Flying Objects: Fact or Fiction? Unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, as they're fondly called, are one of the century's most intriguing and controversial mysteries. Since ancient times, UFOs of all types have been accounted for. More today than ever, hundreds of thinkers, theologians, and scientists have tried to answer why there are or whether there aren't UFOs. According to some, the speculation that UFOs are alien spacecrafts from another world is an absurd and foolish proposal. Others vehemently disagree and assert that extraterrestrial life is not only possible, but such life forms may be superior, technologically advanced beings who visit our Earth regularly. Are these "flying saucers" a figment of our imagination? Or, are they a genuine reality we prefer to dismiss because we fear the scary truth that we are not the only master race? Are we hesitant because society dubs such "immature" psycho tantamount to subscribing to belief in ghosts? These are a few of the many pertinent UFO questions the mature individual must address. One of the most popular theories that support and explains the existence of alien beings is the ancient astronaut theory. This theory contains three main schools of thought. The first states that aliens bred with our primitive forebears thereby creating modern man. The second is quite similar. Aliens performed genetic engineering on apes thereby creating the Homo Sapiens and man's intelligence. The third, and least accepted, is that colonists from another galaxy came to Earth, mated with the primitives and established a high level of culture, before being destroyed by some natural catastrophe. And upon this catastrophe and destruction, we build and grow (Fitzgerald 1). Berossus, a Babylonian scholar, may have been the first astronaut historian. He said that " animals endowed with reason" bestowed the Sumerian culture before 3000 BCE. The Sumerians, along with their cultural inheritors, the Babylonians, never referred to such beings as gods. Rather they were depicted as "disgusting abominations," a description only deserved by uninvited alien visitors (2). One step further takes the astronaut theory and surmises that with it, we can understand the later religious cultures, such as the Hebrews who are thought to have borrowed much of Sumerian practice. Such religions and secret societies, with their elaborate and complicated rituals may actually be "preserving from a previous epoch fragments of an esoteric and little understood knowledge, just as the Egyptian, Hebrew, and Mayan priests guarded in their temples the inspired word of their self-possessed creators (3)." Alien originators may have set down certain

Learning And Assessing Pupils Progress Education Essay

The appraisal of students ‘ advancement has been modified slightly since it was introduced by Black ‘s ( 1987 ) study with the National Curriculum Task Group on Assessment and Testing ; which was set up as portion of the readyings of what became the 1988 Education Reform Act. The act brought in the appraisal agreements for the terminal of the 4 cardinal phases, at the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16 severally. It was decided that merely the nucleus topics of the national course of study should be assessed at the first cardinal phase and ‘at subsequent key phases it should be in all the foundation topics ( the nucleus subjects plus art, geographics, history, music, physical instruction, engineering, a modern foreign linguistic communication at the last two phases, and Welsh in non-Welsh speech production schools in Wales ) p.40. Kyriacou ( 2007 ) provinces, the debut of the National Curriculum in 1989 were coupled with associated processs for supervising students ‘ ad vancement affecting the usage of centrally produced trials. These trials so gave an indicant of both students ‘ public presentation and that of the schools nationally. The course of study was so looked at once more in 1993 by the School Curriculum and Assessment Authority ‘s president Sir Ron Dearing, who was asked to ‘†¦review the course of study with a position to ‘slimming down ‘ the course of study, simplifying its appraisal arrangements†¦ ‘ p.45 The 1997 Education Act saw the School Curriculum and Assessment Authority replaced by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority ( QCA ) which is still in topographic point today. The appraisal of larning at the terminal of KS 1,2 and 3 is now a combination of instructor appraisals and terminal of cardinal phase standardized national trials, SATs, although in 2009 the terminal of KS3 trials were abolished ; and scientific discipline at KS2 is merely to being used in some pilot schools for 2010. In 2005 the Labour Government ‘s Schools White Paper committed support for every kid in giving them personalised instruction and acquisition ; by seting kids and their demands foremost, giving support to do good advancement and go forthing no kid left behind in their instruction. This study will look at the modern-day issues of Assessment for Learning ( AfL ) and its new spouse ; Assessing Pupils ‘ Progress ( APP ) and their usage within the constitution ( primary school ) and how or whether it has impacted on the manner appraisal is carried out across the board.Why Assess?Appraisal is highly of import as it shows how students are come oning and carried out with thorough processs can be of important value to instructors and the students they teach. It checks that larning has taken topographic point. There are many different methods of appraisals these include ; treatments, questionnaires, tests, presentations, function drama, observations, written work, practical work and inquiring. Using appraisals can assist instructors and scholars reflect on their pattern and how their scholars are larning. Assessment helps instructors make up one's mind how they teach, utilizing different learning methods to guarantee that all scholars are proactive. Cowley ( 2004 ) stated that good appraisal would assist the instructor proctor the scholars ‘ advancement and program for future instruction and acquisition. Assessment encourages scholars ‘ motive and they can have feedback ( both instructor and equal ) on their advancement. Teachers ‘ can utilize a scope of assessment methods to look into students ‘ advancement. Obviously appraisal does non come easy, instructors ‘ work load can be increased greatly ; both when transporting out the appraisals and so holding to tag them. There can be unneeded force per unit area put on to the scholars ‘ , and sometimes when measuring a scholar it depends how they are experiencing at the point of appraisal on how good they do. In 2006 the new Primary National Strategy for literacy and mathematics gave two chief intents of appraisal, summational appraisal of acquisition and formative appraisal for acquisition ; which the new model aimed to cover. This scheme gave instructors counsel on facets of appraisal for larning which was linked straight with counsel on planning and gave a broader and stronger pedagogic attack.Appraisal for Learning ( AfL ) SchemeHarmonizing to the Assessment Reform Group ( 2002 ) , ‘Assessment for acquisition is the procedure of seeking and construing grounds for usage by scholars and their instructors to make up one's mind where the scholars are in their acquisition, where they need to travel and how best to acquire at that place ‘ . AfL has been used for a figure of old ages and has given instructors ‘ ways in which themselves and students can utilize assessment activities to derive a clearer apprehension of the acquisition that has taken topographic point to day o f the month and how students ‘ hereafter acquisition can outdo advancement ( Gardner, 2006 ) . AfL is closely linked to the authorities ‘s Every Child Matters ( 2004 ) where every kid should be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, do a positive part and accomplish societal and economical wellbeing ; and personalised acquisition, both ethos ‘ have featured to a great extent within a scope of DCSF policies throughout the last decennary. The purposes of the AfL scheme are clear ; they should embrace every kid, instructor, school and parent/carer so that every kid knows how they are making. Every instructor is able to do judgements on students ‘ attainment, advancement and how to send on program when students are non carry throughing their possible. Every school should hold good placed structured and regular appraisals and tracking schemes in topographic point and every parent and carer should cognize how their kid is come oning and when they need to better ; they can assist back up their kid and the instructor. The benefits of AfL is its powerful manner of raising students ‘ accomplishment, if students ‘ understand how they learn, where they have spreads in their acquisition and how they can shut these spreads so it will hold a positive consequence on every kid. Harmonizing to the authorities, good appraisal for larning makes: accurate, carnival, dependable, utile, and focused continuity enabling schools to guarantee acquisition is taking topographic point. Therefore instructors, schools and parents and carers all need to cognize where their kids are now, where they need to be and what they are required to make to acquire at that place. The four elements for AfL so are aims, oppugning, unwritten and written feedback and ego and peer appraisal. The aims are met by utilizing oppugning in order to look into scholars ‘ have achieved aims, equal and self appraisal helps scholars to recognize what successful work looks like and the instructor shows good unwritten feedback so that scholars ‘ develop their ain accomplishments in this country, giving them clip to reflect on their acquisition and taking ownership of their work.Measuring Pupils Progress – What is APP?Measuring Pupils Progress, otherwise known as APP was originally piloted by 104 schools in 12 local governments utilizing, ab initio, Key Stage 2, as a new structured attack to teacher appraisal for doing judgements on students reading, composing and mathematics. Developed by the QCA in concurrence with the National Strategies, get downing in fall 2006 with recommendations reported in 2008/09. It has since been adopted as the manner to officially measure students within schools throughout the state, to assist instructors measure their students as more of a forensic attack, to run aboard Assessment for larning ( AfL ) . Harmonizing to the QCA it helps instructors to polish their apprehension of scholars ‘ demands and to orient their planning and learning consequently. The QCA has provided APP stuffs for instructors to implement the attack and with these guidelines instructors are able to set up where students are within the National Curriculum degrees. Hence one Year 5 instructor stated, ‘APP has helped me to go more cognizant of the appraisal opportunities that exist and more secure in measuring students ‘ degrees of attainment ‘ . When APP was introduced there were steps given to schools to assist implement the system and possible early theoretical accounts were advised demoing the benefits and more significantly their restrictions of usage. For illustration, one option was to place a whole school sample, for case all pupils antecedently assessed at a peculiar degree, the benefits of this would be a clear focal point, ab initio little graduated table and hence manageable, nevertheless this would non be implemented with a whole category and other degrees may non be covered. The affectional usage of APP was besides shown to supply information for tracking students ‘ advancement in item, placing barriers to achievement and to guarantee outlooks were linked to the national schemes. The APP stuffs for instructors to utilize include a enchiridion to assist implement the attack, give guidelines for measuring students ‘ work, supplying a simple format for entering the appraisal standards and focal points for appraisal within the specific topic. There are besides standard files which hold students ‘ work, which have been annotated, so that instructors become consistent in their judgements sing national course of study degrees, these files show different degrees of attainment. Assessment Focus ( AF ) grids are provided to demo how focal points are used, for illustration in reading appraisal AF3 shows that the student should be able to ‘deduce, deduce or construe information, events or thoughts from texts ‘ . In utilizing APP it was hoped that instructors ‘ would go more informed on how their scholars ‘ are come oning and that they would hold a aggregation of appraisal accomplishments in order to do good judgements in the schoolroom. Harmonizing to the AfL and APP clip line instructors in KS2 should be get downing to utilize the APP procedure so they can do periodic appraisals of all kids by fall 2009. The clip line for the execution of APP started in summer 2008 when school and capable leading were expected to make a ego – rating of AfL and APP in preparedness of its execution and to see what degree of support was required. This so moved to them having preparation in the usage of APP by fall 2008 and to hold developed the procedure of standardization in school with a average term go oning professional development ( CPD ) program to guarantee that whole school development of AfL and APP where in topographic point and that instructors would get down to utilize the APP stuffs. By spring 2009, instructors in KS2 should get down utilizing the APP procedure and others were doing effectual usage of the Primary Framework and assessment information to better their planning for patterned advance ; in fall 2009 it was expected that KS2 instructors were utilizing the APP procedure to do periodic appraisals for all kids. APP appraisals were more likely to hold truth when a scope of grounds is collected by instructors from each kid that has been chosen, both written and unwritten grounds would profit the procedure and periodic reappraisal of their work should be collected and merely those with important grounds demand be used.The usage and impact of AfL and APP within the sceneAfL has been used since it was foremost introduced and the school has now taken the APP attack on board since the fall term 2009 as a new attack to measuring. The schools appraisal policy is undergoing alteration at the present clip so as to integrate the new appraisal schemes. Derbyshire County Council provided of import support preparation for caput instructors in 2008 demoing a power point presentation which included doing links within AfL and APP, demoing APP in action within numeracy and literacy and stoping with a reappraisal and appropriate action planning. This session provided counsel and advice about implementing APP and to back up an apprehension of APP. At this point the APP scheme was extremely recommended but non statutory. The preparation included the advancement docket of APP, demoing the patterned advance marks as 2 degrees advancement, the doing good advancement pilot strategy, AfL utilizing APP standards, patterned advance tutoring and individual degree proving. It besides applied the beef uping for formative appraisal, concentrating on each scholar ‘s acquisition, accelerated rates of accomplishment ( concentrating particularly on those at hazard of underperforming ) and assisting to clear up the acquisition journey. The National Strategies model informations where shown to assist with thoughts of how to bring forth a criterions file. An first-class illustration for Ma2 Number at degrees 3 and 4 showed how the usage of different coloring material highlighters for each term were used demoing when a specific degree was low, secure or high and annotated in the countries where it was felt there was either more work to be done or how far they were away achieving the degree. In the school it has enhanced instructors ‘ apprehension of inquiring whether the larning aims they ask of the kids are relevant to them, do they understand what they are supposed to accomplish by the terminal of the lesson and is it in kid friendly linguistic communication? There has to be meaningful duologue between the instructor and scholar with respect to the larning nonsubjective otherwise the scholar will withdraw and non be able to come on with what they are supposed to larn, this has been monitored throughout the scene. The appraisal focuses that were discussed were reading, composing, utilizing and using, figure, form, infinite and steps ; and managing informations. The National Strategies AF grid was introduced and this lead to the school bring forthing accessible degrees for reading, composing and numeracy from degree 1to degree 5, so instructors could mention to each with a position to associating the degrees and appraisal demands as applicable. The APP procedure started in earnest in fall 2009 ; when samples of scholars ( 6 ) were chosen from each twelvemonth group. Each term instructors review the full scope of grounds ( written, spoken and observed ) for each appraisal focal point. They select the appropriate degree boundary and arrive at judgements utilizing the assessment guidelines sheet ; they annotate illustrations of scholars work as mention points and benchmarks. After making this in-school standardization and moderateness is carried out with co-workers. The deductions of APP within the school have helped with the professional development of instructors ; it has had an impact on capable cognition, the course of study and teaching method, it has given instructors the ability to feedback to scholars and their parents/carers so that they can see where they have progressed or how they need to come on farther. It has helped instructors to do good judgements sing their scholars and how to guarantee that they progress wit hin the course of study overall, it has helped them to distinguish scholars ‘ advancement so they can orient lessons suitably. APP has enabled better monitoring of schoolroom activities and prep in twelvemonth 6 ; as the scholars are asked to measure whether they have understood the lesson at the terminal by doing a remark in their exercising books, the instructor can so measure whether the scholar feels they have made advancement, if non the work is gone through once more, if necessary with a one to one or in little groups. With prep the scholar is asked to work unaided and if they have trouble with any oppugning so they should go forth it clean and it will be covered once more when the whole category grade their prep together. This enables equal to peer appraisal and encourages positive feedback whether jobs arise or non. The usage of an rating trigon helps scholars ‘ ego evaluate and is besides used as a equal rating tool every bit good, this is used in composing where there are 5 ratings: is it easy to read and put out in paragraphs, is the script joined and legible, is at that place good usage of vocabulary and conjunctions, is it easy to understand and does it flux, eventually is it finished. The scholar so decides whether they need one side of the trigon ( no ) , two sides ( largely ) or three sides ( everything done ) , this is both a ocular and kinesthetic attack to measuring their work. Most of the instructors have been utilizing the APP attack for measuring scholars since fall 2009 ; but they all have different positions, some find it easier to integrate within their instruction manners ; others have found that they have had to accommodate the manner in which they teach in order to suit the APP scheme in. However, most instructors feel they have become more expert at judging where their scholars are and how they can assist them better their advancement in line with the Primary National Strategy ; particularly as they are larning to make this together instead than on their ain, collaborative moderateness helps tremendously. As portion of the execution of APP, Derbyshire County Council have asked the school for information on reexamining the leading and direction of alteration ( APP focal point ) and reexamining acquisition and instruction in lessons ( AfL focal point ) for both students and instructors. This information is set out in four columns with the undermentioned headers ; concentrating, developing, set uping and heightening, the caput instructor and the helper caput established the statements that the school, students and instructors were secure in and highlighted them suitably and punctually returned them. Some of these included: Most teaching staff ( including learning helpers ) understand the APP procedure, i.e. how it fits in with planning and mundane instruction and its possible to track kids ‘s advancement identify specific countries of underachievement and inform targeted intercession. Parents and carers are informed as to students ‘ advancement. Students are confident to take hazards by sharing partly formed thought or constructively ambitious others Pupils value talk for acquisition and consciously utilize it to progress their thought Lessons are planned to larning aims with some relevant undertakings and success standards as appropriate There are chances for structured whole-class, and supported group/paired treatment One of the KS1 instructors ‘ had already been utilizing APP in their old school and has been able to utilize APP without vacillation and has incorporated this for all of their category. This shows that as Sue Hackman ( 2009 ) , Chief Adviser on School Standards, points out APP is a straightforward attack to doing unafraid judgements about the criterion of students ‘ work and what they need to make next. Hackman ( 2009 ) besides states in the Making Good Progress, a Teachers Television programme that the authorities is acquiring what they want if all the schools kids are doing good advancement. By utilizing APP she besides thinks that it is the trademark of schools that make good advancement. The school has been able to give parent and carers priceless advice sing their kids ‘s advancement and parents and carers, in return have been able to give their kids support with any topics they possibly falling behind with. Termly information cusps are sent out to each kid by their instructors saying what their category will be larning in that peculiar term, this enables the parents and carers to hold an informed penetration into the specific undertakings that their kids are prosecuting with at any specific clip within the school twelvemonth. In the twelvemonth six category APP is an effectual support for the passage and transportation to secondary school and this is shared with parents and carers at their kid ‘s parents flushing, giving the marks set by the students themselves to assist them travel frontward to their chosen secondary schools, with which there is a close affair to guarantee they are good informed about what recent advancement they have made and the following stairss they are expected to do to travel frontward in their acquisition. This helps the continuity of the scholars ‘ patterned advance and to go on the high degrees of outlook both from the scholar and their parents and carers. Care needs to be taken when utilizing APP with kids from underachieving groups such as English as an extra linguistic communication ( EAL ) as the profiles of these scholars are more likely to be uneven and hence the scope of grounds should be much wider in order to do a periodic appraisal.Evaluation and DecisionAPP is in its babyhood within the school ; nevertheless those instructors who have been utilizing it as a method of appraisal have done so with an unfastened head. Most of the appraisal methods were in topographic point within AfL and the individualized acquisition ethos of the school was in topographic point already, so therefore it should non be excessively hard for the remainder of the staff to set about the APP attack. Equally long as all staff including instruction helpers are included in the preparation for this inspiring manner of measuring students ‘ advancement so there should be a smooth passage for the following measure when external moderateness takes topographic point. The biggest advantage of APP is it uses the national schemes which are already in topographic point, the pilot schools have trialled the attacks with success and found that APP is all that is required to do good appraisal judgements, as one KS 2 instructor provinces ; ‘Do n't give up – one time you are used to the procedure the benefits for teaching method and pattern are clear ‘ . AfL and APP are inextricably linked to personalised larning whereby a instructor has a secure cognition of each scholars ‘ advancement and therefore can accurately orient their instruction methods to each scholar and their single demands, this is go oning in the school where the acquisition procedure is being monitored by the APP appraisals of the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours learning. Therefore it has to be said that it is beef uping the periodic facet of appraisal and so the scholars ‘ receive formal acknowledgment of their accomplishments within the category and as a whole school when certifications and virtues are given out in assemblies. The effects of appraisal in general have to be ; that appraisal is an highly of import portion of instruction and acquisition. It can be carried out informally and officially utilizing a assortment of methods but depends on the type of scholar. The informations it produces is used for rating of instruction and acquisition and all members of staff should hold the appropriate preparation and apprehension of how the information is used and their functions and duties in instruction and measuring their scholars. Students so should be able to cognize their learning aims and what their success standards looks like, they are able to take ownership of their acquisition and can besides assist their equals to win. Parents and carers must be kept informed by appraising studies and parents eventides which provide them with the information about their kid ‘s advancement and the following stairss they need to take whether into the following category or even the following school. The kernel of appraisal so is that it is an built-in portion of readying, planning and learning with a good measured measure of enthusiasm, so everyone knows where they are, where they need to be and how they are traveling to acquire at that place.